To Fairbanks Interviews

1) His personal background information and coming to Alaska to be a doctor.
Alaska -- coming to\ Portland, Oregon\ medical school\ Yukon River\ Indian Health Service Hospital -- Tanana\ Fairbanks\ education -- medical training\ University of Oregon Medical School\ McGill University -- Montreal, Canada\ University of Michigan -- Ann Arbor\ University of Utah -- Salt Lake City\ Alaska -- interest in\ childhood -- neighbor\ Alaska -- stories about\ Alaska -- allure of\ Native people -- working with\ Public Health Service\ Indian Health Service\ job -- commission corps\ military assignment\ tour of duty\ Alaska -- assignment of\ Vietnam War\ military obligation|

2) The hospital in Tanana and the medical care it provided, and why he became a doctor.
Tanana -- hospital\ Tanana River\ Yukon River\ beds -- number of\ hospital -- Fort Gibbon\ Interior Alaska -- villages\ Athabascan\ Kaltag\ Circle\ Nenana\ Arctic Village\ Anaktuvuk Pass -- Eskimo village\ Fairbanks -- St. Joseph's Hospital\ Basset Army Hospital\ medical treatment -- travel for\ medical treatment -- comfort with\ Tanana hospital -- closure\ clinic -- Tanana Chiefs Conference\ Fairbanks\ Chief Andrew Isaac Health Center\ job -- physician\ job -- choice of\ work -- organic chemistry\ physician -- benefits of\ patient -- interaction with\ job -- enjoyment of\ birthdate\ birthplace|

3) Training and working in Tanana.
job -- training\ Tanana\ training -- lack of\ Anchorage -- training\ Indian Health Service\ training -- policy and procedures\ training -- limited\ training -- eye care\ training -- dental\ procedures -- medical\ procedures -- types of\ emergency situations -- medivac\ medical care -- family practice\ hospital -- staff\ doctors -- number of\ nurses -- number of\ nurse aide -- local hire\ job -- x-ray and laboratory technician\ job -- pharmacist\ job -- sanitation officers\ Galena\ Fort Yukon\ clinic -- nurse\ sanitation officer -- description of\ clean water -- uses of\ sanitation issues -- education about\ water -- from river\ villages -- facilities\ electricity -- lack of\ medical equipment -- type of\ hospital beds -- number of\ beds -- uses of\ rooms -- types of\ operating room\ x-ray machine\ pharmacy\ laboratory\ facilities -- type of\ anesthesia -- delivery of \ procedures -- serious\ Ft. Wainwright\ Fairbanks\ Native Hospital -- Anchorage\ Native hospitals -- locations\ Kanakanak\ Bethel\ Kotzebue\ Barrow\ Sitka\ clinics -- locations\ health care -- contracting\ Nome\ Kodiak\ Dillingham|

4) Interacting and communicating with health aides in the villages.
health aides -- communication\ health aides -- working with\ villages -- field clinics\ doctor -- travel\ travel -- winter\ village visit -- length of\ medical procedures -- type of\ health aides -- assistance from\ villages -- clinics\ villages -- electricity\ villages -- make-shift clinic location\ location -- school\ location -- closet\ sheet -- use of\ light -- Coleman lantern\ medical care -- preventative\ dental care -- lack of\ dentist -- annual visit\ health aide -- knowledge of\ communications\ Galena\ Fort Yukon\ villages -- telephone\ school -- electricity\ communication -- radio\ radio -- single-side band\ communication -- difficulties\ radio traffic -- description of\ radio -- description of\ antenna -- description of\ transmission -- distance\ Tanana Hospital -- service area\ Eagle\ Kaltag|

5) Communication between the doctors and the health aides to treat patients, medivacing or going out to villages for emergency cases, and types of cases that had to be treated.
health aide -- communication\ communication -- type of\ communication -- radio\ radio traffic\ illness -- description of\ symptoms -- description of\ diagnosis\ physician -- recommend treatment\ health aides -- supplies\ health aides -- medications\ patient -- travel\ travel -- authorization\ emergency -- medivac\ airplane -- bush pilot\ patient -- pick up\ Tanana\ physician -- village trip\ stretcher -- use of\ airplane -- small\ travel -- villages\ physician -- called out\ rescue -- failure of\ Christmas\ patient -- depression\ suicide -- attempted\ medivac -- arrangement\ weather -- bad\ electricity -- lack of\ airstrip -- no lights\ patient -- loss of\ health care -- early days\ injuries -- village\ health aide -- responsibilities\ medical care -- wound suture\ medical cases -- types of\ villages -- travel to\ plane crash -- village\ field trip -- clinic\ runway -- lack of\ river -- airplane landing\ airplane -- mail delivery\ airplane -- damage\ plane -- left behind|

6) Improvements in the Alaskan health care system, and use of satellite communications for doctors and health aides to talk with each other.
health care -- changes in\ villages -- electricity\ communication -- satellite\ Tanana\ communication -- radio\ radio --single-side band\ communication -- lack of\ satellite system -- early\ satellite system -- demonstration project\ satellite traffic -- one hour per day\ communication -- reliability of\ communication -- quality of\ Stanford University\ communication -- expansion of\ power -- arrival of\ telephones -- use of\ patient -- treatment of\ radios -- use of\ patient travel -- airplane\ health aide -- making medical decision\ Tanana\ patients -- arrival of|

7) Making a diagnosis without seeing the patient from what the health aide described over the radio.
patient -- treatment of\ health aide -- reliance upon\ health aides -- quality of\ health aide -- level of experience\ health aide -- training\ training -- length of\ training -- early days\ training -- lack of\ Anchorage\ communication\ information -- type of\ radio traffic\ health aides -- learn from each other\ health aide -- education\ medication -- limited\ medicines -- used\ medical cases -- types of\ diagnosis -- types of\ health aide -- experience of \ health aide -- reliability of\ situation -- assessment of\ health aide -- trust\ medical care -- quality of|

8) Assessment of the Community Health Aide Program as a method for delivery of health care.
health aides -- success of\ medicine -- preventative\ health aide -- work\ nurse -- State public health\ public health nurse -- working with\ treatment -- pap smear\ treatment -- vaccinations\ treatment -- TB\ treatment -- pap smear rate\ audience -- captive\ health aide -- commitment of\ volunteer\ health aide -- selection\ village council\ health aide -- need for\ medicine -- need for\ medical cases -- types of\ communication -- video conference\ television -- early days\ television -- programs\ Alaska Airlines\ communication -- verbal\ communication -- challenges\ communication -- satellite\ satellite -- demonstration project\ New England Journal of Medicine -- article\ Stanford University\ satellite communication -- benefit of|

9) How working in Tanana in a rural setting affected him and his career, experience he had seeing the use of traditional medicine and healing, and the relationship between doctors and people in the villages.
Tanana\ training -- medical\ internship -- practice medicine\ physician -- young\ medicine -- practice of\ opportunity -- exciting\ village -- experience\ friendships -- development of\ medicine -- traditional\ traditional medicine -- Athabascan\ spruce pitch -- uses of\ tea -- spruce needles\ tea -- birch bark\ healing -- traditional\ headaches -- treatment of\ traditional medicine -- dwindling of\ traditional medicine -- effectiveness of\ village -- relationship with\ Public Health Service\ physicians -- transitory\ medical care -- need for connection\ relationships -- lack of\ Indian Health Service\ physicians -- retention of\ western medicine -- use of\ traditional healing -- less use of\ hospital care -- reliance on|

10) Language barrier he may have faced, and what is was like working with the health aides.
language -- Native\ translators\ language -- English\ language -- traditional patterns\ Arctic Village\ Venetie\ language -- Gwich'in\ language -- children speaking\ Native language -- tried to learn\ health aide -- translator\ electricity -- arrival of\ television -- arrival of\ culture -- changes in\ language -- changes in\ village -- transition\ medical terminology -- translation of\ language -- common terminology\ health aides -- quality of\ health aides -- self-taught\ health aides -- observation\ health aides -- working together\ health aides -- learn from each\ equipment -- lack of\ training -- lack of\ diagnosis -- not always accurate\ health aides -- trying hard\ medical case -- food poisoning\ treatment -- incorrect\ treatment -- learning about|

11) Changes he has witnessed in rural health care and delivery of medical services.
health care -- rural\ health care -- changes in\ airplanes -- frequency\ health care -- use of\ health care -- access to\ travel -- frequency of\ economics -- changes in\ health care -- awareness of\ treatment -- early\ communication -- changes in\ communication -- easy\ communication -- telephone\ airstrip -- lights\ airplane -- landing\ medivac -- use of\ communication -- radio\ radio -- single-side band\ diagnosis -- making of\ telephone -- use of\ diagnosis -- appendicitis\ patient -- survival\ accidents\ patients -- difficulty reaching\ medical cases -- types of\ patient -- death\ James, Dr. William\ emergency surgery -- story about|

12) How confidentiality was handled in these early days of rural medical care.
confidentiality -- protection of\ Tanana\ confidentiality -- awareness of\ communication -- radio\ radio -- public\ radio traffic\ names -- not used\ health aides -- number of\ health aides -- listening\ patient -- treatment of\ health aides -- patient privacy concerns\ private issues -- talk to doctor\ health aide -- related to community members\ disease -- local treatment of\ clinic -- village\ privacy -- lack of\ doctor -- village visit|

13) The closing of the Tanana Hospital in the early 1980s and Native control of the health care system in Interior Alaska.
hospital -- Tanana\ hospital -- closure\ village -- impact on\ health care -- changes in\ airplane -- use of\ airplanes -- increase in\ intensive care -- lack of\ jobs -- shortage of\ Fairbanks\ medical care -- travel\ Native population -- Fairbanks\ health care -- Native\ health care -- improvements\ health aides -- employer\ Regional Health Corporation\ Public Health Service\ Tanana Chiefs Conference -- advisory board\ power -- assuming\ health care -- administration of\ health care -- local control\ money -- control of|

14) What is was like working as a doctor in villages in the early 1970s.
work -- hard\ work -- long days\ work -- schedule\ work -- travel\ medical care -- type of\ medical care -- eye\ medical care -- dental\ job -- difficulties\ patients -- relationships with\ Fairbanks\ physician -- cancer treatment\ patient -- understanding of\ relationship -- knowledge of family\ elders -- loss of\ village life -- exciting time\ village life -- 1950s\ health care system -- beginning of\ Alaska -- magic of\ lifestyle -- traditional\ stories -- traditional\ village -- become part of\ local people -- interaction with\ dances\ weddings\ potlatches\ hospital -- relationship with community\ village -- purpose in being there|

15) What it was like living in Tanana, and his assessment of the Community Health Aide program as a model for other places.
Tanana\ life -- rural\ lifestyle -- type of\ wife -- job\ job -- substitute teacher\ teachers -- Native\ children\ family -- effect on\ life -- isolation\ hardships -- lack of\ opportunity -- value of\ travel -- winter\ Nulato\ travel -- snowmachine\ Koyukok\ travel -- villages\ travel -- summer\ travel -- boat\ Bishop Mountain\ Galena\ Beaver\ Yukon River\ village -- clinics\ Stevens Village\ Rampart\ dog teams -- use of\ dog teams -- sport\ dog teams -- recreation\ Tanana Dog Mushers Association\ dog racing\ mushers -- well-known\ Attla, George\ Lombard, Doc\ village life -- early days\ lifestyle -- traditional\ health aide program -- assessment of\ health aide program -- model\ training -- changes in\ health care -- advances in\ health aide program -- future of\ health aide -- success of\ health aide -- role of\ village size -- effect of\ health care -- regionalization\ health care -- level of\ Fort Yukon\ Galena\ Fairbanks\ health care -- sophistication\ health care -- acceptable level of|