Leo Jackson: Interview Outline: Section 10 Changes in the environment, climate, and animals Tape Reference Number: H2002-09-09 Leo Jackson talks with Bill Schneider, Hazel Apok, and Eileen Devinney in Kiana, Alaska on February 28, 2002.

Bill Schneider: Since you've been living here, have you noticed changes in the environment or the climate?

Leo Jackson: Oh, yes. No more dog team. It's snow machine. I used to live over at village, old village. While I -- while I was gone they moved down this end, go to school from up there in deep snow. The kids. Had to take -- take off from old village kind of early.

Bill Schneider: Have you noticed changes in animals or in seasons?

Leo Jackson: There is a lot more caribou and wolves. You don't go very far to hunt those. They come -- they come in a lot closer than they used to. In them old days, they go way out. Sometimes be gone for a month or two, month and a half with a dog team.

Summertime, they go on foot. How -- how far out, way out, I don't know. They talk about it. Go from one mountain, go to another mountain. Must be way out past Noatak somewhere. Walking. Packing. Caribou. They come home with good caribous, though. Caribou hunting was very hard in them days. And now they come to us. Instead of going out to get them, they come to us.

Bill Schneider: Why is that do you suppose? Why is that? Why are the caribou coming in?

Leo Jackson: I guess there is a lot more. I don't know. Then there -- in them days, a lot more caribou. Of course, reindeer got mixed up, mixed with them. A lot of reindeer herders lose a lot of reindeer. Like my father, they started out with a hundred, a hundred head, and they lose them all.

Bill Schneider: When did he lose his reindeer?

Leo Jackson: Before I was born. I don't know when.

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